Regulation A+ Offering: Hype or Reality?

The Reg A+ landscape is complex, with businesses clamoring to participate from its potential. But is it all exaggerated claims? While the framework offers a unique pathway for capital acquisition, there are obstacles that aspiring participants should be aware of.

  • Starting with, the regulatory framework can be demanding, demanding considerable resources and expertise.
  • Secondly, the performance of Reg A+ offerings have been varied, with some companies achieving strong outcomes while others struggle to attract sufficient funding.
  • Last but not least, the investor base for Reg A+ offerings is still nascent, meaning that there are restricted opportunities available compared to traditional financing methods.

Navigating the Reg A+ terrain requires careful consideration and a thorough evaluation of both its positive aspects and inherent risks. While it can be a powerful instrument for certain businesses, intending participants should approach strategically.

Funding the Crowd

In today's thriving online landscape, crowdfunding has emerged as a transformative tool to support individuals and organizations in raising funds for their ventures. This movement allows anyone with an inspiring idea to tap into the collective resources of the public, democratizing access to capital. From small-scale projects to large-scale ventures, crowdfunding has become a popular alternative to established funding sources.

  • Utilizing the power of social networks and online platforms,
  • connecting individuals with shared interests and goals,
  • fostering a sense of community,

Crowdfunding for the masses has the potential to transform industries, fund innovative solutions, and empower social change. As technology continues to evolve and connectivity strengthens, we can expect crowdfunding to play an even more integral role in shaping the future of funding.

Leveraging Regulation A+ for Compelling Fundraising

Regulation A+, a relatively new avenue in the fundraising landscape, has emerged as a powerful tool for businesses seeking to secure capital. This mechanism allows companies to widely offer securities to a broad range of investors, without the complexities and costs associated with traditional Equity Crowdfunding.

A key benefit of Regulation A+ is its ability to facilitate significant funding. Companies can raise up to \$25 million in a single offering, providing them with the funding necessary to grow their operations, roll out new products or services, and achieve their strategic goals.

However, conducting a successful Regulation A+ offering requires careful strategy. Companies must adhere to stringent regulatory requirements, develop compelling marketing materials, and effectively communicate with potential supporters.

Investing portals Offering Title IV, Reg A+ Equity

Navigating the world of securities funding can be tricky, especially when it comes to understanding the nuances of Regulation A+ and Title IV. These regulations offer businesses a unique avenue to secure equity funding from a wider pool of investors, typically through crowdfunding platforms. While many platforms exist, identifying those specifically focused in Reg A+ and Title IV offerings can be time-consuming.

  • Some prominent crowdfunding sites that have integrated Reg A+ and Title IV equity deals include: Wefunder, SeedInvest, and StartEngine. Each platform offers its own specific set of tools and services to help businesses navigate their equity projects successfully.
  • It's crucial to diligently research each platform, assessing factors such as fees, investor network, and the overall support they extend to both businesses and investors.

Be aware that investing in securities always carries inherent risks, so it's strongly advised to conduct your own due diligence before making any investment decisions.

How Regulation A+ Works with Equity Crowdfunding

Regulation A+, a regulation within U.S. securities law, allows companies to raise capital through a process known as equity crowdfunding. This technique offers businesses the chance to tap into a wider pool of investors compared to traditional funding sources.

Under Regulation A+, companies can offer and sell their securities to the public, with certain limitations. The offering amount is typically capped at $75 million within a year, and companies must comply with various disclosure and reporting requirements set forth by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

Equity crowdfunding platforms act as intermediaries, connecting companies seeking capital with individual investors. These platforms provide a platform for companies to present their business plans and investment opportunities to a broader audience. Investors, in turn, can explore different investment options and allocate funds to companies that align with their interests and risk tolerance.

The combination of Regulation A+ and equity crowdfunding creates a dynamic ecosystem for capital formation. It empowers businesses to access funding from diverse sources, while providing investors with the potential to participate in the growth of promising ventures.

FundAthena Regulation A+ Blank-check Offering

The emerging landscape of Regulation A+ presenting exciting ventures for investors. One such development is the arrival of FundAthena Blank-check, a blank-check company seeking to raise capital through a Regulation A+ campaign. This approach enables smaller investors to participate in the growth and potential of businesses by contributing capital through a public offering.

FundAthena Blank-check's goals remain underspecified at this phase, but the organization is expected to focus on a specific sector. Investors will have the opportunity to shape the direction of FundAthena Blank-check through their engagement in the process.

Colonial Stock Securities

Colonial stock securities represent a fascinating chapter in the annals of finance. These documents, often delicate, bear witness to the {economic{ aspirations and ambitions of the colonial era. Investors sought returns on their holdings in new enterprises, laying the foundation for future advancement. The study of colonial stock securities offers a invaluable perspective into the intertwined nature of early American commerce and finance.

  • Some prominent examples include:
  • Certificates in early companies like the New England Trading Company
  • Debentures issued by colonies to fund infrastructure projects

We Discovered An Unit

Deep within the encrypted/complex/hidden files of the program/our system/that application, we stumbled upon something incredible. A perfectly functional/partially operational/barely working registration module/toolset/component. This discovery could revolutionize how we track users/access control/data management. We're still analyzing/investigating/examining its full potential, but the early signs are promising.

  • Keep your eyes peeled
  • About our findings

Exploring Title IV Reg A+

Are you eager to unlock the potential of {equity crowdfunding?{ Title IV Reg A+, a revolutionary financing method, allows companies to raise capital from individuals. This comprehensive chart will shed light on the key components of Title IV Reg A+, assisting you to comprehend this thrilling new world of finance.

  • Discover about the regulations governing Reg A+ transactions.
  • Uncover the benefits for both companies and participants.
  • Observe the process involved in a successful Reg A+ offering.

Never miss this valuable resource to equip your understanding of Title IV Reg A+.

Securities Offerings LLC

Securex Filings LLC is a/serves as/provides a comprehensive platform/solution/service for companies seeking to raise capital through Regulation A+. Our team of experienced/skilled/dedicated professionals guides/supports/assists businesses through/during/in the entire process, from initial filing/submission/application to successful/smooth/efficient completion. With our expertise in securities law and regulatory requirements, we help companies comply with/meet/fulfill all necessary standards/guidelines/regulations. Securex Filings LLC is committed/dedicated/passionate to providing a transparent/clear/accessible experience for our clients, ensuring they have the knowledge/understanding/insight needed to navigate the complexities of Regulation A+ offerings.

Fundrise's Reg A+ Offering

Fundrise has launched a significant Reg A offering to raise capital for its future real estate projects. This offering allows ordinary investors to invest in Fundrise's diversified portfolio of properties, typically exclusive to accredited investors. The offering features a range of investment vehicles, catering to diverse risk tolerances and investment goals.

  • Investors can choose from
  • a variety of asset classes
  • focusing on particular locations

Fundrise's Reg A offering presents a unique chance for investors interested in the real estate market, without the conventional hurdles.

The

The Securities and Exchange Commission is/serves as/functions as the primary regulatory/governing/overseeing body for the United States securities/stock/financial markets. Established/Founded/Created in 1934/the early 20th century/the midst of the Great Depression, its mission/purpose/goal is to/remains to/aims to protect investors, maintain/ensure/guarantee fair and orderly/transparent/honest markets, and promote/encourage/foster capital formation. The SEC achieves/completes/undertakes this mission/objective/task through a variety of means/methods/tools, including registration/enforcement/regulation of securities offerings, conducting/overseeing/monitoring market activity, and issuing/publishing/releasing guidance/rules/directives to participants/players/stakeholders in the financial/securities/capital markets.

Examining the Waters | CrowdExpert Title IV Reg A+ Equity Crowdfunding

The emerging realm of equity crowdfunding is experiencing a substantial surge in activity, with platforms like CrowdExpert paving new paths for businesses to attract capital. Under Title IV of the JOBS Act, Reg A+ extends a unique opportunity for companies to generate investment from the public in a regulated manner. CrowdExpert, a top-tier platform in this space, is currently undertaking a "Testing the Waters" campaign for its Reg A+ offering. This strategic initiative allows companies to gauge investor appetite before launching a full-scale funding round.

  • Benefits of CrowdExpert's Title IV Reg A+ Equity Crowdfunding
  • Reach your funding base
  • Open and accessible system

SmallBizLending

StreetShares is a/are/provides revolutionary online platform designed to connect small businesses with investors. It empowers entrepreneurs by offering accessible/affordable/flexible funding options, fostering growth and innovation within the community/marketplace/economy. StreetShares leverages/utilizes/employs technology to streamline the lending process, making it quicker/faster/efficient and transparent/clear/open for both borrowers and lenders. Through its robust/comprehensive/extensive network, StreetShares facilitates/enables/supports the flow of capital to deserving businesses, contributing/playing a role/making an impact on the overall success of small enterprises.

Investopedia Reg A+ Offerings Regulation A+

Regulation A+, often called a tier of fundraising regulated through the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), provides companies a avenue to raise capital from the general public. This approach is gaining widespread use among startups and established businesses across various industries. EquityNet, a leading website, supports Reg A+ offerings by pairing companies with potential investors. Through their robust platform, EquityNet strives to make equity investing for a wider range of investors.

Legislation A+ Offerings on Investopedia

Investopedia delivers comprehensive coverage on a range of financial topics, comprising an intricacies of Regulation A+ offerings. This legal framework permits companies to attract capital from the public through bonds. Investopedia's platform delves into the details of Regulation A+, illuminating the rules governing these unique offerings. Investors may benefit from Investopedia's thorough analysis to make informed decisions regarding Regulation A+ investments.

Comprehending the regulatory framework surrounding Regulation A+ offerings is essential for both issuers seeking capital and investors considering participation in these funding opportunities.

Navigating Regulation in the A+ Space

The realm of crowdfunding, particularly platforms like A+, is experiencing a period of dynamic growth and evolution. As this sector expands, regulatory frameworks are crucial for ensuring investor protection, market integrity, and the continued success of both entrepreneurs seeking funding and individuals looking to support innovative ventures. Regulators worldwide are actively crafting new rules and guidelines specifically tailored to address the unique challenges and opportunities presented by A+ crowdfunding. These regulatory measures aim to strike a balance between fostering innovation and mitigating potential risks.

  • Central aspects of regulation in this space often include issues such as transparency, investor due diligence, platform accountability, and the management of funds.
  • Efforts to regulate A+ crowdfunding are driven by a desire to create a robust and trustworthy ecosystem where investors can participate with confidence.

By creating clear regulatory parameters, jurisdictions aim to foster responsible growth in the crowdfunding sector while safeguarding the interests of all participants.

Govern Offering Requirements

In the realm of capital markets, offering provisions are robust to copyright investor safety . These guidelines often involve a detailed presentation of the securities' terms, including risks , financial projections, and the issuer's credentials. Adherence to these requirements is essential for preserving market transparency .

Regulation A+ from Investopedia

Investopedia provides comprehensive and insightful resources on the intricate world of financial regulation. A+ Regulation delves into the complexities of regulatory frameworks, providing valuable understanding for individuals seeking to comprehend the regulatory landscape.

  • Central concepts such as compliance and implementation are meticulously explained, empowering users to understand fully decisions in a dynamic regulatory sphere.
  • Case studies of practical regulatory scenarios underscore the impact of regulation on businesses.

Moreover, Investopedia's A+ Regulation area provides platform to a wealth of materials such as reports and commentary. This comprehensive resource equips users with the understanding needed to succeed in a governed market landscape.

Supervising A+ Companies

The realm of business is constantly transforming, with advanced companies pushing the boundaries. A+ companies, known for their superior performance and responsible practices, require a structure of governance that both promotes innovation while protecting the interests of all stakeholders. This intricate task involves a nuanced balance between fostering growth and mitigating potential risks.

  • Comprehensive standards are essential to ensure a level playing field for all companies, discouraging any anticompetitive practices.
  • Accountability in the operations of A+ companies is crucial to foster public trust. This includes understandable communication about their activities and financial metrics.
  • Partnership between authorities, industry leaders, and consumer groups is vital to formulate effective regulatory frameworks that adjust to the changing landscape of industry.

Governance A+ Summary

Regulation is crucial/essential/vital for maintaining order/stability/equilibrium within markets/industries/sectors. It helps to ensure/promote/facilitate fair competition, protect consumers, and safeguard the environment. A+ regulation strikes a delicate/optimal/harmonious balance between promoting/fostering/encouraging economic growth and mitigating/addressing/reducing potential risks. Effective regulation empowers/strengthens/bolsters transparency/accountability/trust while minimizing/reducing/eliminating bureaucratic burden/obstacles/hindrances.

  • Key aspects/Fundamental principles/Core elements of A+ regulation include: proactive/adaptive/responsive framework/structure/system, evidence-based/data-driven/informed decision-making, and collaboration/engagement/partnership with stakeholders/industry players/relevant parties.
  • Benefits/Advantages/Positive outcomes of well-designed regulation can include: increased innovation/investment/productivity, enhanced consumer protection/market integrity/public confidence, and a more sustainable/resilient/robust economy.

Regulating Real Estate In Today's Market

Real estate legislation is a dynamic landscape that seeks to harmonize the interests of buyers and the society. It covers a wide range of topics, including land use, disclosure requirements, and green building practices.

Robust regulation is essential to ensure a fair real estate market that serves all parties.

It helps to mitigate fraud, defend consumer rights, and foster sustainable development practices. As a result, regulation aims to create a market that is prosperous.

Our Initial Public Offering First JOBS Act Company Goes Public Via Reg A+ on OTCQX

After a stretch of rigorous work and teamwork, my primary company is finally taking the next step via Reg A+ on OTCQX. This signifies a monumental landmark in our journey as a startup built under the provisions of the JOBS Act.

The journey has been thrilling, and we are now prepared to offer this chance with investors. We believe that our innovative technology has the potential to transform the sector, and we are optimistic that this public listing will boost our growth and expansion.

We are thankful to our investors for their unwavering faith in us, and we look forward to creating a successful future together.

FundersClub enable Reg A+ raises on the platform

FundersClub, a leading equity crowdfunding platform, has announced that it is now enabling Regulation A+ raises for companies website seeking to raise capital from the public. This move allows entrepreneurs to tap into a wider pool of backers and potentially accelerate their growth. Reg A+ offers organizations the opportunity to raise up to $75 million from both accredited and non-accredited investors, offering greater access to capital than traditional funding methods.

Previously, companies utilizing FundersClub had to adhere to Regulation CF, which caps fundraising amounts at $5 million. The addition of Reg A+ raises enhances the platform's capabilities and provides a more dynamic funding solution for companies at various stages of growth.

  • Perks of Reg A+ for companies on FundersClub include:
  • Higher fundraising potential
  • Access to accredited and non-accredited investors
  • Simplified compliance

Regulatory A+ Regulation A+ Crowdfunding Platforms

Regulation A+, also known as Reg A+ , is a method in the United States that allows companies to raise capital from the public through crowdfunding. It offers a streamlined process for companies to access funding, making it an attractive option for startups and smaller businesses. Crowdfunding platforms focused on Regulation A+ offerings provide contributors with the opportunity to invest in promising companies while possibly earning a gain on their investment .

Regulation A+ offers benefits for both companies and participants . Companies can access significant amounts of capital, expand , and launch new projects. Investors can discover early-stage companies with growth potential , contributing to their development .

Reg A+ Offerings

Regulation A+, also known as Reg A+ , is a funding mechanism that allows private companies to raise funds from the public. Unlike traditional IPOs, Regulation A+ offers a more efficient path to accessing capital markets by reducing regulatory burdens and stipulations. This makes it a popular option for smaller enterprises seeking to develop their operations.

Regulation A+ investments are designed to allow both eligible and non-accredited investors to invest . Companies employing Regulation A+ must follow certain transparency requirements, but the process is generally viewed as less complex than a traditional IPO.

The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) regulates Regulation A+ offerings to safeguard investors and maintain market integrity.

Companies that choose Regulation A+ may gain access to a broader pool of capital , which can support their growth and progress.

Regulation A+ Rules

Securities offerings under Regulation A+, also known as Level 2 crowdfunding, are subject to specific regulations outlined by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). These rules aim to provide a more accessible pathway for companies to raise capital while guaranteeing investor safety . To conduct a successful Regulation A+ offering, companies must adhere to several key provisions , including filing a detailed offering circular with the SEC and undergoing due diligence procedures .

A successful Regulation A+ offering can provide companies with a significant boost of capital , allowing them to pursue growth opportunities. However, it is essential for companies to fully grasp the complexity of Regulation A+ and seek professional advice throughout the process.

Content Hub regulation a securities act of 1933 jobs act 106 reg a tier 2 offering

Under the Securities Act of 1934, SlideShare, as a platform for content sharing and presentation, must navigate the complexities of distribution securities. Specifically, Jobs Act Section 106 of Regulation A Tier 2 provides a pathway for companies to raise capital through public offerings while leveraging platforms like SlideShare for dissemination. It presents both opportunities and challenges, requiring careful consideration of regulatory compliance and investor protection .

Managing Text

Text can be controlled in a variety of ways. This process frequently entails setting rules for the material that is allowed to be shared. There are many justifications for controlling text, such as protecting minors, stopping offensive language, and maintaining the truthfulness of information. The methods used to control text can be wide-ranging. Some common examples comprise censorship, content moderation, and legal frameworks.

Governance A+ Launching Regulation A+

Achieving a successful implementation of Reg A+ requires detailed consideration. Stakeholders must work together to achieve adherence while also leveraging the benefits presented by this new approach. Optimizing the mechanism is crucial for fostering a seamless transition to this new standard.

Regulation A vs Regulation D

When raising capital, companies often face a choice between Reg A and Rule D. Reg A is designed for smaller offerings and allows companies to sell up to $10 Million in securities per year to the general public. In contrast, Rule D provides a framework for private placements, allowing companies to raise capital from accredited investors without registering their securities with the SEC. Rule A generally involves more stringent reporting requirements and is suitable for companies seeking broader market exposure, while Regulation D offers greater flexibility and confidentiality, appealing to startups or businesses with a targeted investor base.

  • Nevertheless
  • Both
  • Rules

Governance a DPO Through the lens of FRB

The Federal Reserve Bank (FRB) plays a crucial role in shaping regulatory landscapes within the financial sector. When it comes to implementing regulations for Data Protection Officers (DPOs), the FRB's approach focuses on ensuring rigorous protection of consumer data while facilitating innovation. The FRB's mandates provide a framework for DPOs to effectively manage data protection, ultimately fostering trust within the financial ecosystem. This includes defining clear roles and responsibilities for DPOs, as well as promoting best practices for data governance.

SEC Approves New “Reg A+” Rules for Crowdfunding

In a landmark move to/for/towards streamline capital raising/acquisition/procurement, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has officially/finally/recently approved new rules governing/regulating/dictating crowdfunding through Reg A+. This development/initiative/measure is expected/projected/foreseen to revolutionize/transform/alter the way companies access/secure/obtain funding, particularly/especially/mainly smaller/emerging/startup businesses.

Reg A+ will now permit/allow/enable companies to raise significant/substantial/considerable amounts of capital directly from the public/general investor pool/mass market, potentially opening/unlocking/creating a new era of accessible/affordable/available funding opportunities/possibilities/avenues. The updated rules implement/introduce/establish greater/enhanced/improved transparency and investor protection, while/simultaneously/alongside making the process/procedure/system more/significantly/vastly efficient.

Reg A vs Reg D

When it comes to raising capital, businesses frequently turn to securities regulation. Two prominent avenues in this realm are Regulation D .

Regulation A+ is a well-established structure designed for public offerings. It enables enterprises to raise up to $75 million in funding from the general public. In contrast, Regulation D, often referred to as a "private placement" regulation, is designed for offerings made to a narrower group of accredited investors.

Rule 506, a key provision within Regulation D , outlines detailed guidelines for private placements. Notably, there are two distinct flavors under Rule 506: 506(b) and 506(c).

Rule 506(b) permits offerings to an unlimited number of investors, but it mandates that all purchasers be accredited. Conversely, Rule 506(c), often referred to as a "general solicitation" provision, allows for broader marketing efforts while still requiring all investors to be verified.

Overview of Regulation D: Rules 506(b) and 506(c)

When exploring private capital, understanding the nuances of funding regulations is crucial. Regulation D offers exemptions from certain registration obligations for offerings of privately placed instruments. Two key provisions under Regulation D are Rule 506(b) and Rule 506(c), each with distinct features that influence where companies can raise capital.

Rule 506(b) permits offerings to an unlimited number of accredited investors, but places a cap on the number of non-accredited investors at 35. It also requires full disclosure to all investors and relies largely on the investor's due diligence.

Rule 506(c) offers greater flexibility by allowing offerings to a wider pool of accredited investors without any limit on their number. However, it mandatesstrict due diligence procedures and requires verification of investor accreditation.

  • Key distinctions between Rule 506(b) and Rule 506(c) include the number of non-accredited investors, disclosure requirements, and due diligence protocols.
  • Choosing the appropriate Rule relies on a company's funding needs, investor profile, and compliance environment.

Exploring DreamFunded Resources on Regulation A+

Regulation A+, a unique financing mechanism, empowers startups and established businesses to raise capital from the public. DreamFunded stands out as a prominent platform specializing in facilitating Regulation A+ offerings. Their comprehensive resources empower both potential investors and issuing companies to navigate this complex landscape with confidence. Investors seeking alternative investment opportunities can delve into DreamFunded's educational materials, which provide in-depth clarification on the framework of Regulation A+.

  • Firms looking to leverage Regulation A+ for growth will find invaluable guidance within DreamFunded's suite of tools and services. From developing compliant offerings to connecting with a network of potential backers, DreamFunded streamlines the process, making it more feasible.

Understanding the nuances of Regulation A+ can be difficult. DreamFunded's dedicated team of specialists is committed to providing ongoing guidance throughout the journey. Whether you are a seasoned investor or just beginning your exploration of this progressive financing option, DreamFunded equips you with the knowledge and resources essential for success.

OTC Markets Third Point FINRA Small Business Job Creation Act Technocrat SEC qualification SEC qualification

Navigating the complexities of public markets can be a daunting task for startups seeking to raise capital and expand their operations. The JOBS Act has significantly altered the landscape, offering innovative pathways for businesses to access funding through various exempt offerings and registered securities transactions.

  • OTC Markets, as an alternative trading platform, provides a viable avenue for companies seeking liquidity and visibility outside of traditional exchanges. Third Point, a prominent investment firm with expertise in the financial services sector, has become increasingly involved in supporting growth-stage companies through its strategic investments and advisory services.
  • The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) plays a crucial role in overseeing the securities markets, ensuring fair trading practices and investor protection. JOBS Act provisions have streamlined the registration process for certain offerings, making it more accessible for emerging businesses to raise capital.
    • Technocrat companies often leverage these opportunities to expand their reach and accelerate their growth trajectories. SEC approval is essential for ensuring compliance with federal securities laws and regulations, ultimately safeguarding investor confidence in the market.

      Crowdfunding

      When starting a new business, securing capital can be a major hurdle. Thankfully, there are numerous options available to help seekers raise the funds they need. Three of the most popular include Kickstarter, each with its own unique approach.

      GoFundMe, known for its user-friendliness, is a great option for specific causes. Kickstarter, on the other hand, focuses on creative projects and often involves incentives for backers. Indiegogo offers a more adaptable approach, allowing for various campaign types and support models.

      Beyond these popular platforms, some projects may choose to pursue equity investment. This involves giving a portion of the company in exchange for capital, typically from angels looking for potential profit.

      Crowdfunding Platforms and New Companies

      Venture capital and angel investors are increasingly turning to crowdfunding platforms like CircleUp and AngelList to locate promising startup companies. These platforms connect entrepreneurs with a wider pool of backers, allowing them to raise capital for their ventures. The JOBS Act has transformed the investment landscape by making it easier for startups to access crowdfunded equity. Platforms like EquityNet and Fundable offer investors the opportunity to invest in a broad portfolio of businesses, often with lower minimum commitments than traditional venture capital.

      Crowdfunding enables an alternative path for businesses to secure funding by tapping into a collective funding model. Early-stage finance options are also becoming increasingly popular, allowing companies to lure investors while maintaining control. Platforms like SoMoLend and Endurance Lending Network specialize in non-traditional funding.

      Regulatory bodies like the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) provide oversight to ensure transparency and protect individuals in the crowdfunding space. S-1 filings and other legal frameworks govern public offerings, while Reg A+ and Title IV exemptions offer pathways for companies to secure funding through publicly traded securities. The rise of crowdfunding has democratized access to investment opportunities, enabling both entrepreneurs and investors to participate in the dynamic world of venture capital.

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *